Effect of strenuous physical activity and Crocus Sativus supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers in male mountain climbers
,
Abstract
Background: This study attempted to investigate acute effect of strenuous physical activity with and without Crocus Sativus supplementation on heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and TNFα in male mountain climbers.
Methods: A 10-day, single-blinded semi experimental design was adopted. Eleven male climbers with an age range of 27-37 years old ran at one session strenuous physical activity with intensity 80-90% of maximum heart rate for 45 minutes on a -5% slope surface. Blood samples were collected from subjects before, immediately and one hour after the strenuous physical activity to measure HSP70, IL-6 and TNFα. 3 days after recovery, the subjects were given 300 mg of dried stigmas of Crocus Sativus in capsules once a day for ten days. Subsequently, blood samples were obtained from the subjects again before, immediately and one hour after strenuous physical activity. The changing trends in the variables were evaluated through analysis of variance with repeated measures at a significance level 0.05.
Results: One session strenuous physical activity with Crocus Sativus supplementation compared with only strenuous physical activity had a significant effect on the level of heat shock protein 70 680.25±127.86 (ng/ml) vs 528.18±111.63 (ng/ml) at the immediately after of strenuous physical activity (p<0.05).strenuous physical activity with Crocus Sativus supplementation compared with only strenuous physical activity had no significant effect on the level of IL-6 and TNFα at the before, immediately and one hour after strenuous physical activity (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Crocus Sativus intake ten days before a session of strenuous physical activity can decrease the effect of heat shock protein 70 immediately after strenuous physical activity.
1. Thompson H, Clarkson P, Scordilis S. The repeated bout effect and heat shock proteins: intramuscular HSP27 and HSP70 expression following two bouts of eccentric exercise in humans. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 2002;174(1):47-56.
2. Nieman DC. Does Exercise Alter ImmuneFunction and Respiratory Infections? President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest. 2001.
3. Radak Z, Chung HY, Goto S. Systemic adaptation to oxidative challenge induced by regular exercise. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2008;44(2):153-9.
4. Blalock JE, Harbour-McMenamin D, Smith EM. Peptide hormones shared by the neuroendocrine and immunologic systems. J Immunol. 1985;135(2):858s-61s.
5. Fragala MS, Kraemer WJ, Denegar CR, Maresh CM, Mastro AM, Volek JS. Neuroendocrine-immune interactions and responses to exercise. Sports Medicine. 2011;41(8):621-39.
6. González B, Hernando R, Manso R. Stress proteins of 70 kDa in chronically exercised skeletal muscle. Pflügers Archiv. 2000;440(1):42-9.
7. Locke M. 5 The Cellular Stress Response to Exercise: Role of Stress Proteins. Exercise and sport sciences reviews. 1997;25(1):105-36.
8. Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. Physiological reviews. 2008;88(4):1379-406.
9. Fischer CP. Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance. Exerc immunol rev. 2006;12(6-33):41.
10. Bruunsgaard H. Physical activity and modulation of systemic low-level inflammation. Journal of leukocyte biology. 2005;78(4):819-35.
11. Frost RA, Lang CH, Gelato MC. Transient Exposure of Human Myoblasts to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibits Serum and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Stimulated Protein Synthesis 1. Endocrinology. 1997;138(10):4153-9.
12. De Monte C, Carradori S, Chimenti P, Secci D, Mannina L, Alcaro F, et al. New insights into the biological properties of Crocus sativus L.: chemical modifications, human monoamine oxidases inhibition and molecular modeling studies. European journal of medicinal chemistry. 2014;82:164-71.
13. Reihmane D, Jurka A, Tretjakovs P, Dela F. Increase in IL-6, TNF-α, and MMP-9, but not sICAM-1, concentrations depends on exercise duration. European journal of applied physiology. 2013;113(4):851-8.
14. Pendergast DR. Effect of dietary intake on immune function in athletes. Sports medicine. 2002;32(5):323-37.
15. Noakes T. Physiological models to understand exercise fatigue and the adaptations that predict or enhance athletic performance. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2000;10(3):123-45.
16. Alavizadeh SH, Hosseinzadeh H. Bioactivity assessment and toxicity of crocin: a comprehensive review. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2014;64:65-80.
17. Noorbala A, Akhondzadeh S, Tahmacebi-Pour N, Jamshidi A. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Crocus sativus L. versus fluoxetine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized pilot trial. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2005;97(2):281-4.
18. Meamarbashi A, Rajabi A. Preventive Effects of 10-Day Supplementation with Saffron and Indomethacin on the Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2015;25(2):105-12.
19. Hosseinzadeh H, Younesi HM. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocus sativus L. stigma and petal extracts in mice. BMC pharmacology. 2002;2(1):7.
20. Sharifi N, Hojjatoleslamy M, Jafari M. Study of qualitative characteristics of saffron cultivated in different regions of Iran. Journal of Herbal Drugs (An International Journal on Medicinal Herbs). 2015;6(4):235-40.
21. Kazi HA, Qian Z. Crocetin reduces TNBS-induced experimental colitis in mice by downregulation of NFkB. Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology. 2009;15(3):181.
22. Rowsell GJ, Coutts AJ, Reaburn P, Hill-Haas S. Effects of cold-water immersion on physical performance between successive matches in high-performance junior male soccer players. Journal of sports sciences. 2009;27(6):565-73.
23. Xi L, Qian Z, Xu G, Zheng S, Sun S, Wen N, et al. Beneficial impact of crocetin, a carotenoid from saffron, on insulin sensitivity in fructose-fed rats. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry. 2007;18(1):64-72.
24. Ostrowski K, Hermann C, Bangash A, Schjerling P, Nielsen JN, Pedersen BK. A trauma‐like elevation of plasma cytokines in humans in response to treadmill running. The Journal of physiology. 1998;513(3):889-94.
25. Isanejad A, Saraf ZH, Mahdavi M, Gharakhanlou R, Shamsi MM, Paulsen G. The effect of endurance training and downhill running on the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and HSP72 in rat skeletal muscle. Cytokine. 2015;73(2):302-8.
26. Suzuki K, Peake J, Nosaka K, Okutsu M, Abbiss CR, Surriano R, et al. Changes in markers of muscle damage, inflammation and HSP70 after an Ironman Triathlon race. European journal of applied physiology. 2006;98(6):525-34.
27. Zaldivar F, Wang-Rodriguez J, Nemet D, Schwindt C, Galassetti P, Mills PJ, et al. Constitutive pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokine and growth factor response to exercise in leukocytes. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2006;100(4):1124-33.
28. Ziemann E, Olek RA, Kujach S, Grzywacz T, Antosiewicz J, Garsztka T, et al. Five-day whole-body cryostimulation, blood inflammatory markers, and performance in high-ranking professional tennis players. Journal of Athletic Training. 2012;47(6):664-72.
29. Kim HJ, Lee YH, Kim CK. Biomarkers of muscle and cartilage damage and inflammation during a 200 km run. European journal of applied physiology. 2007;99(4):443-7.
30. Suzuki K, Nakaji S, Yamada M, Totsuka M, Sato K, Sugawara K. Systemic inflammatory response to exhaustive exercise: cytokine kinetics. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2002;8(6):6-48.
31. Petersen A, Pedersen B. The role of IL-6 in mediating the anti inflammatory. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006;57:43-51.
32. Trenerry MK, Della Gatta PA, Larsen AE, Garnham AP, Cameron‐Smith D. Impact of resistance exercise training on interleukin‐6 and JAK/STAT in young men. Muscle & nerve. 2011;43(3):385-92.
33. Gleeson M. Immune function in sport and exercise. Journal of applied physiology. 2007;103(2):693-9.
34. Nieman DC, Dumke CL, Henson DA, McAnulty SR, Gross SJ, Lind RH. Muscle damage is linked to cytokine changes following a 160-km race. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2005;19(5):398-403.
35. Pedersen BK, Steensberg A, Schjerling P. Muscle‐derived interleukin‐6: possible biological effects. The Journal of physiology. 2001;536(2):329-37.
36. Kresfelder T, Claassen N, Cronje M. Hsp70 induction and hsp70 gene polymorphisms as indicators of acclimatization under hyperthermic conditions. Journal of Thermal Biology. 2006;31(5):406-15.
37. Peake JM, Suzuki K, Hordern M, Wilson G, Nosaka K, Coombes JS. Plasma cytokine changes in relation to exercise intensity and muscle damage. European journal of applied physiology. 2005;95(5-6):514-21.
38. Kregel KC. Invited review: heat shock proteins: modifying factors in physiological stress responses and acquired thermotolerance. Journal of applied physiology. 2002;92(5):2177-86.
39. Khassaf M, Child RB, McArdle A, Brodie DA, Esanu C, Jackson MJ. Time course of responses of human skeletal muscle to oxidative stress induced by nondamaging exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001;90(3):1031-5.
40. Mikkelsen U, Paulsen G, Schjerling P, Helmark I, Langberg H, Kjær M, et al. The heat shock protein response following eccentric exercise in human skeletal muscle is unaffected by local NSAID infusion. European journal of applied physiology. 2013;113(7):1883-93.
41. Touchberry CD, Gupte AA, Bomhoff GL, Graham ZA, Geiger PC, Gallagher PM. Acute heat stress prior to downhill running may enhance skeletal muscle remodeling. Cell Stress and Chaperones. 2012;17(6):693-705.
42. Samelman T. Heat shock protein expression is increased in cardiac and skeletal muscles of Fischer 344 rats after endurance training. Experimental physiology. 2000;85(1):97-102.
2. Nieman DC. Does Exercise Alter ImmuneFunction and Respiratory Infections? President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest. 2001.
3. Radak Z, Chung HY, Goto S. Systemic adaptation to oxidative challenge induced by regular exercise. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2008;44(2):153-9.
4. Blalock JE, Harbour-McMenamin D, Smith EM. Peptide hormones shared by the neuroendocrine and immunologic systems. J Immunol. 1985;135(2):858s-61s.
5. Fragala MS, Kraemer WJ, Denegar CR, Maresh CM, Mastro AM, Volek JS. Neuroendocrine-immune interactions and responses to exercise. Sports Medicine. 2011;41(8):621-39.
6. González B, Hernando R, Manso R. Stress proteins of 70 kDa in chronically exercised skeletal muscle. Pflügers Archiv. 2000;440(1):42-9.
7. Locke M. 5 The Cellular Stress Response to Exercise: Role of Stress Proteins. Exercise and sport sciences reviews. 1997;25(1):105-36.
8. Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. Physiological reviews. 2008;88(4):1379-406.
9. Fischer CP. Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance. Exerc immunol rev. 2006;12(6-33):41.
10. Bruunsgaard H. Physical activity and modulation of systemic low-level inflammation. Journal of leukocyte biology. 2005;78(4):819-35.
11. Frost RA, Lang CH, Gelato MC. Transient Exposure of Human Myoblasts to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibits Serum and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Stimulated Protein Synthesis 1. Endocrinology. 1997;138(10):4153-9.
12. De Monte C, Carradori S, Chimenti P, Secci D, Mannina L, Alcaro F, et al. New insights into the biological properties of Crocus sativus L.: chemical modifications, human monoamine oxidases inhibition and molecular modeling studies. European journal of medicinal chemistry. 2014;82:164-71.
13. Reihmane D, Jurka A, Tretjakovs P, Dela F. Increase in IL-6, TNF-α, and MMP-9, but not sICAM-1, concentrations depends on exercise duration. European journal of applied physiology. 2013;113(4):851-8.
14. Pendergast DR. Effect of dietary intake on immune function in athletes. Sports medicine. 2002;32(5):323-37.
15. Noakes T. Physiological models to understand exercise fatigue and the adaptations that predict or enhance athletic performance. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2000;10(3):123-45.
16. Alavizadeh SH, Hosseinzadeh H. Bioactivity assessment and toxicity of crocin: a comprehensive review. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2014;64:65-80.
17. Noorbala A, Akhondzadeh S, Tahmacebi-Pour N, Jamshidi A. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Crocus sativus L. versus fluoxetine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized pilot trial. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2005;97(2):281-4.
18. Meamarbashi A, Rajabi A. Preventive Effects of 10-Day Supplementation with Saffron and Indomethacin on the Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2015;25(2):105-12.
19. Hosseinzadeh H, Younesi HM. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocus sativus L. stigma and petal extracts in mice. BMC pharmacology. 2002;2(1):7.
20. Sharifi N, Hojjatoleslamy M, Jafari M. Study of qualitative characteristics of saffron cultivated in different regions of Iran. Journal of Herbal Drugs (An International Journal on Medicinal Herbs). 2015;6(4):235-40.
21. Kazi HA, Qian Z. Crocetin reduces TNBS-induced experimental colitis in mice by downregulation of NFkB. Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology. 2009;15(3):181.
22. Rowsell GJ, Coutts AJ, Reaburn P, Hill-Haas S. Effects of cold-water immersion on physical performance between successive matches in high-performance junior male soccer players. Journal of sports sciences. 2009;27(6):565-73.
23. Xi L, Qian Z, Xu G, Zheng S, Sun S, Wen N, et al. Beneficial impact of crocetin, a carotenoid from saffron, on insulin sensitivity in fructose-fed rats. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry. 2007;18(1):64-72.
24. Ostrowski K, Hermann C, Bangash A, Schjerling P, Nielsen JN, Pedersen BK. A trauma‐like elevation of plasma cytokines in humans in response to treadmill running. The Journal of physiology. 1998;513(3):889-94.
25. Isanejad A, Saraf ZH, Mahdavi M, Gharakhanlou R, Shamsi MM, Paulsen G. The effect of endurance training and downhill running on the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and HSP72 in rat skeletal muscle. Cytokine. 2015;73(2):302-8.
26. Suzuki K, Peake J, Nosaka K, Okutsu M, Abbiss CR, Surriano R, et al. Changes in markers of muscle damage, inflammation and HSP70 after an Ironman Triathlon race. European journal of applied physiology. 2006;98(6):525-34.
27. Zaldivar F, Wang-Rodriguez J, Nemet D, Schwindt C, Galassetti P, Mills PJ, et al. Constitutive pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokine and growth factor response to exercise in leukocytes. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2006;100(4):1124-33.
28. Ziemann E, Olek RA, Kujach S, Grzywacz T, Antosiewicz J, Garsztka T, et al. Five-day whole-body cryostimulation, blood inflammatory markers, and performance in high-ranking professional tennis players. Journal of Athletic Training. 2012;47(6):664-72.
29. Kim HJ, Lee YH, Kim CK. Biomarkers of muscle and cartilage damage and inflammation during a 200 km run. European journal of applied physiology. 2007;99(4):443-7.
30. Suzuki K, Nakaji S, Yamada M, Totsuka M, Sato K, Sugawara K. Systemic inflammatory response to exhaustive exercise: cytokine kinetics. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2002;8(6):6-48.
31. Petersen A, Pedersen B. The role of IL-6 in mediating the anti inflammatory. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006;57:43-51.
32. Trenerry MK, Della Gatta PA, Larsen AE, Garnham AP, Cameron‐Smith D. Impact of resistance exercise training on interleukin‐6 and JAK/STAT in young men. Muscle & nerve. 2011;43(3):385-92.
33. Gleeson M. Immune function in sport and exercise. Journal of applied physiology. 2007;103(2):693-9.
34. Nieman DC, Dumke CL, Henson DA, McAnulty SR, Gross SJ, Lind RH. Muscle damage is linked to cytokine changes following a 160-km race. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2005;19(5):398-403.
35. Pedersen BK, Steensberg A, Schjerling P. Muscle‐derived interleukin‐6: possible biological effects. The Journal of physiology. 2001;536(2):329-37.
36. Kresfelder T, Claassen N, Cronje M. Hsp70 induction and hsp70 gene polymorphisms as indicators of acclimatization under hyperthermic conditions. Journal of Thermal Biology. 2006;31(5):406-15.
37. Peake JM, Suzuki K, Hordern M, Wilson G, Nosaka K, Coombes JS. Plasma cytokine changes in relation to exercise intensity and muscle damage. European journal of applied physiology. 2005;95(5-6):514-21.
38. Kregel KC. Invited review: heat shock proteins: modifying factors in physiological stress responses and acquired thermotolerance. Journal of applied physiology. 2002;92(5):2177-86.
39. Khassaf M, Child RB, McArdle A, Brodie DA, Esanu C, Jackson MJ. Time course of responses of human skeletal muscle to oxidative stress induced by nondamaging exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001;90(3):1031-5.
40. Mikkelsen U, Paulsen G, Schjerling P, Helmark I, Langberg H, Kjær M, et al. The heat shock protein response following eccentric exercise in human skeletal muscle is unaffected by local NSAID infusion. European journal of applied physiology. 2013;113(7):1883-93.
41. Touchberry CD, Gupte AA, Bomhoff GL, Graham ZA, Geiger PC, Gallagher PM. Acute heat stress prior to downhill running may enhance skeletal muscle remodeling. Cell Stress and Chaperones. 2012;17(6):693-705.
42. Samelman T. Heat shock protein expression is increased in cardiac and skeletal muscles of Fischer 344 rats after endurance training. Experimental physiology. 2000;85(1):97-102.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 2, No 2 (Spring 2016) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Crocus Sativus HSP70 IL-6 TNFα Strenuous physical activity | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Ghazalian F, Janbozorgi F, Shakeri N. Effect of strenuous physical activity and Crocus Sativus supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers in male mountain climbers. J Nutr Sci & Diet. 2016;2(2).
