Food Insecurity and Some Associated Socioeconomic Factors Among Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Tehran: A Case Control Study
,
Abstract
Background: Food insecurity is defined as the limited or uncertain availability of enough food for permanent active and healthy life. Attention Deficit and Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood, presenting with pervasive and impairing symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, or a combination. There is scientific evidence that some dietary strategies and socioeconomic factors may be useful to improve the symptoms of ADHD and benefit the social, cognitive and academic performance of children and adolescents with ADHD. This Study is aimed at determining the association between food insecurity and ADHD in newly diagnosed patients.
Methods: This case-control Study was conducted in Iran in 2017 among 146 patients with ADHD as cases and 146 healthy children as controls, who referred to health and medical centers under the supervision of Tehran universities of medical sciences, while, age, sex and location of living had matched. The general and United States Department of Agriculture household food security questionnaires were completed. A structured questionnaire was used with a wide range of questions for the evaluation of Socioeconomic Status (SES) and the presence of ADHD was diagnosed using the questionnaire of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition.
Results: The food insecurity prevalence was 68.5% and 40.4% in cases and controls, respectively. Food insecurity, low economic level and ethnicity were significantly associated with this disorder (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Food insecurity was one of the important risk factors for Children with ADHD that health care providers should consider it.
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2. Jafari SM, Bakhshoudeh M. Investigating poverty and food insecurity distribution over space in rural and urban areas of Iran. Agric Econ Dev. 2008;16 (1):103-123. [Persian]
3. Anonymous (2016). Rome Declaration and Plan of Action. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.HTM
4. Bickel G, Nord M, Price C, Hamilton W, Cook J. Guide to measuring household food security. US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis, Nutrition, and Evaluation. 2000;23(3);1-23.
5. Anonymous (2016). Food Security. http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story028/en
6. Anonymous (2016). Declaration of the World Food Summit on Food Security. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/Summit/Docs/Final_Declaration/WSFS09_Declaration.pdf
7. Cook JT, Frank DA, Levenson SM, Neault NB, Heeren TC, Black MM, Berkowitz C, Casey PH, Meyers AF, Cutts DB, Chilton M. Child food insecurity increases risks posed by household food insecurity to young children's health. J Nutr. 2006;136(4):1073-6.
8. Ke J, Ford-Jones EL. Food insecurity and hunger: A review of the effects on children's health and behaviour. Paediatr Child Health. 2015;20(2):89-91.
9. Gao X, Scott T, Falcon LM, Wilde PE, Tucker KL. Food insecurity and cognitive function in Puerto Rican adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(4):1197-203.
10. Ziliak JP, Gundersen C. The health consequences of senior hunger in the United States: Evidence from the 1999-2010 NHANES. Retrieved February. 2014 Feb;15:2015.
11. Franklin B, Jones A, Love D, Puckett S, Macklin J, White-Means S. Exploring mediators of food insecurity and obesity: a review of recent literature. J Community Health. 2012;37(1):253-64.
12. Seligman HK, Jacobs EA, López A, Tschann J, Fernandez A. Food insecurity and glycemic control among low-income patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(2):233-8.
13. Rose D, Bodor JN. Household food insecurity and overweight status in young school children: results from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study. Pediatrics. 2006;117(2):464-73.
14. Burke MP, Martini LH, Çayır E, Hartline-Grafton HL, Meade RL. Severity of Household Food Insecurity Is Positively Associated with Mental Disorders among Children and Adolescents in the United States. J Nutr. 2016t;146(10):2019-2026.
15. Ford ES. Food security and cardiovascular disease risk among adults in the United States: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2008. Prev Chronic Dis. 2013;10:E202.
16. Hadley C, Crooks DL. Coping and the biosocial consequences of food insecurity in the 21st century. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2012;149 Suppl 55:72-94.
17. Ziliak JP, Gundersen C, Haist M. The causes, consequences, and future of senior hunger in America. Lexington, KY: UK Center for Poverty Research, University of Kentucky. 2008 Mar:71.
18. Anonymous (2016). The state of food insecurity in the world 2008. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i0291e.pdf
19. Chen J, Che J. Food insecurity in Canadian households [1998/99 data]. Health Reports. 2001;12(4):11.
20. Azizi S, Sadrzadeh YH, Hosseini SM, Ahmadi A, Daneshi Maskooni M, Safarpour M, et al. Food Insecurity and some Associated Socioeconomic Factors Among Women with Metabolic Syndrome Referred to Clinics of Shiraz Uni Med Sci. 2013;18(2):95-106.
21. Hakeem R, Asar F, Shaikh AH. Food insecurity in metropolis of the developing world--observations from central district of Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2003;53(11):556-63.
22. Coleman-Jensen A, Gregory C, Singh A. Household food security in the United States in 2013. USDA-ERS Economic Research Report. 173. http://www.arhungeralliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/USDA-Report-Household-Food-Insecurity-in-2014.pdf
23. Sarlio-Lähteenkorva S, Lahelma E. Food insecurity is associated with past and present economic disadvantage and body mass index. J Nutr. 2001;131(11):2880-4.
24. Shariff ZM, Lin KG. Indicators and nutritional outcomes of household food insecurity among a sample of rural Malaysian women. J Nutr. 2004;30:50-5.
25. Tarasuk VS. Household food insecurity with hunger is associated with women's food intakes, health and household circumstances. J Nutr. 2001;131(10):2670-6.
26. Cortese S, Angriman M, Lecendreux M, Konofal E. Iron and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: What is the empirical evidence so far? A systematic review of the literature. Expert Rev Neurother. 2012;12(10):1227-40.
27. Faraone SV, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Biederman J, Buitelaar JK, Ramos QJA, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nature reviews: disease primers. 2015;1:15-20.
28. Thomas CL. Taber’s cyclopedic medical dictionary. 16th ed. Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis; 1989. p. 825.
29. Agnew-Blais JC, Polanczyk GV, Danese A, Wertz J, Moffitt TE, Arseneault L. Evaluation of the persistence, remission, and emergence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young adulthood. JAMA psychiatry. 2016;73(7):713-20.
30. Froehlich TE, Lanphear BP, Epstein JN, Barbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Kahn RS. Prevalence, recognition, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivitydisorder in a national sample of US children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(9):857–64.
31. Meysamie A, Fard MD, Mohammadi MR. Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in preschool-aged Iranian children. Iran J Pediatr. 2011;21(4):467-72.
32. Talaei A, Mokhber N, Abdollahian E, Bordbar MR, Salari E. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a survey on prevalence rate among male subjects in elementary school (7 to 9 years old) in Iran. J Atten Disord. 2010;13(4):386–90.
33. Mostafaee MR, Shokati M, Sarchami R, Rafiei H. Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in elementary school students in Hamadan. International Journal of Epidemiologic Research. 2016;3(1):63-8.
34. Casey PH, Simpson PM, Gossett JM, Bogle ML, Champagne CM, Connell C, et al. The association of child and household food insecurity with childhood overweight status. Pediatrics. 2006;118(5):e1406-13.
35. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
36. Mohammadzadeh A, Dorosty A, Eshraghian M. Household food security status and associated factors among high-school students in Esfahan, Iran. Public Health Nutr. 2010; 13(10):1609-13.
37. Najafi B, Shooshtarian A. Targeting of subsides and elemination of food insecurity: case report of arsanjan. Journal of Business Research. 2005;31:127-51.
38. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA. 2014; 311(8):806-14.
39. Eshraghian MR, Siassi F, Jazayeri GH. Obesity and food security in Yazd primary school students. Tehran Univ Med J. 2007; 65(7):68-76.
40. Ramesh T, Dorosty Motlagh AR, Abdollahi M. Prevalence of household food insecurity in the City of Shiraz and its association with socio-economic and demographic factors, 2008. Iranian Iran J Nutr Sci Food Technol. 2010; 4(4):53-64.
41. Student MB, Shadi Abdi BS. Prevalence of Food Insecurity in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Archives of Iranian medicine. 2016; 19(4):288.
42. Kaiser LL, Townsend MS, Melgar-Quiñonez HR, Fujii ML, Crawford PB. Choice of instrument influences relations between food insecurity and obesity in Latino women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(5):1372-8.
43. Russell AE, Ford T, Russell G. Socioeconomic associations with ADHD: findings from a mediation analysis. PloS one. 2015; 10(6):e0128248.
44. Russell AE, Ford T, Williams R, Russell G. The association between socioeconomic disadvantage and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a systematic review. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2016; 47(3):440-58.
45. Charach A, Dashti B, Carson P, Booker L, Lim CG, Lillie E, et al. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Effectiveness of Treatment in At-Risk Preschoolers; Long-Term Effectiveness in All Ages; and Variability in Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Treatment [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2011 Oct. Report No.: 12-EHC003-EF. PMID: 22191110.
46. Bengle R, Sinnett S, Johnson T, Johnson MA, Brown A, Lee JS. Food insecurity is associated with cost-related medication non-adherence in community-dwelling, low-income older adults in Georgia. J Nutr Elder. 2010; 29(2):170-91.
47. Choi Y, Shin J, Cho KH, Park EC. Change in household income and risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during childhood: A nationwide population-based cohort study. J Epidemiol. 2017; 27(2):56-62.
48. Rose D, Gundersen C, Oliveira V. Socio-Economic determinants of food insecurity in the United States. 1998 Sep.
49. Franklin B, Jones A, Love D, Puckett S, Macklin J, White-Means S. Exploring mediators of food insecurity and obesity: a review of recent literature. J Community Health. 2012; 37(1):253-64.
50. Park S, Cho SC, Hong YC, Oh SY, Kim JW, Shin MS, et al. Association between dietary behaviors and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities in school-aged children. Psychiatry Res. 2012; 198(3):468-76.
51. McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, Crumpler D, Dalen L, Grimshaw K, et al. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. lancet. 2007; 370(9598):1560-7.
52. Azadbakht L, Esmaillzadeh A. Dietary patterns and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among Iranian children. Nutrition. 2012; 28(3):242-9.
53. Liu J, He P, Li L, Shen T, Wu M, Hu J, et al. Study on the association between diet, nutrient and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children in Shanghai, Kunshan, Wuxi three kindergarten. Wei sheng yan jiu. 2014; 43(2):235-9.
2. Jafari SM, Bakhshoudeh M. Investigating poverty and food insecurity distribution over space in rural and urban areas of Iran. Agric Econ Dev. 2008;16 (1):103-123. [Persian]
3. Anonymous (2016). Rome Declaration and Plan of Action. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.HTM
4. Bickel G, Nord M, Price C, Hamilton W, Cook J. Guide to measuring household food security. US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis, Nutrition, and Evaluation. 2000;23(3);1-23.
5. Anonymous (2016). Food Security. http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story028/en
6. Anonymous (2016). Declaration of the World Food Summit on Food Security. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/Summit/Docs/Final_Declaration/WSFS09_Declaration.pdf
7. Cook JT, Frank DA, Levenson SM, Neault NB, Heeren TC, Black MM, Berkowitz C, Casey PH, Meyers AF, Cutts DB, Chilton M. Child food insecurity increases risks posed by household food insecurity to young children's health. J Nutr. 2006;136(4):1073-6.
8. Ke J, Ford-Jones EL. Food insecurity and hunger: A review of the effects on children's health and behaviour. Paediatr Child Health. 2015;20(2):89-91.
9. Gao X, Scott T, Falcon LM, Wilde PE, Tucker KL. Food insecurity and cognitive function in Puerto Rican adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(4):1197-203.
10. Ziliak JP, Gundersen C. The health consequences of senior hunger in the United States: Evidence from the 1999-2010 NHANES. Retrieved February. 2014 Feb;15:2015.
11. Franklin B, Jones A, Love D, Puckett S, Macklin J, White-Means S. Exploring mediators of food insecurity and obesity: a review of recent literature. J Community Health. 2012;37(1):253-64.
12. Seligman HK, Jacobs EA, López A, Tschann J, Fernandez A. Food insecurity and glycemic control among low-income patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(2):233-8.
13. Rose D, Bodor JN. Household food insecurity and overweight status in young school children: results from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study. Pediatrics. 2006;117(2):464-73.
14. Burke MP, Martini LH, Çayır E, Hartline-Grafton HL, Meade RL. Severity of Household Food Insecurity Is Positively Associated with Mental Disorders among Children and Adolescents in the United States. J Nutr. 2016t;146(10):2019-2026.
15. Ford ES. Food security and cardiovascular disease risk among adults in the United States: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2008. Prev Chronic Dis. 2013;10:E202.
16. Hadley C, Crooks DL. Coping and the biosocial consequences of food insecurity in the 21st century. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2012;149 Suppl 55:72-94.
17. Ziliak JP, Gundersen C, Haist M. The causes, consequences, and future of senior hunger in America. Lexington, KY: UK Center for Poverty Research, University of Kentucky. 2008 Mar:71.
18. Anonymous (2016). The state of food insecurity in the world 2008. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i0291e.pdf
19. Chen J, Che J. Food insecurity in Canadian households [1998/99 data]. Health Reports. 2001;12(4):11.
20. Azizi S, Sadrzadeh YH, Hosseini SM, Ahmadi A, Daneshi Maskooni M, Safarpour M, et al. Food Insecurity and some Associated Socioeconomic Factors Among Women with Metabolic Syndrome Referred to Clinics of Shiraz Uni Med Sci. 2013;18(2):95-106.
21. Hakeem R, Asar F, Shaikh AH. Food insecurity in metropolis of the developing world--observations from central district of Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2003;53(11):556-63.
22. Coleman-Jensen A, Gregory C, Singh A. Household food security in the United States in 2013. USDA-ERS Economic Research Report. 173. http://www.arhungeralliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/USDA-Report-Household-Food-Insecurity-in-2014.pdf
23. Sarlio-Lähteenkorva S, Lahelma E. Food insecurity is associated with past and present economic disadvantage and body mass index. J Nutr. 2001;131(11):2880-4.
24. Shariff ZM, Lin KG. Indicators and nutritional outcomes of household food insecurity among a sample of rural Malaysian women. J Nutr. 2004;30:50-5.
25. Tarasuk VS. Household food insecurity with hunger is associated with women's food intakes, health and household circumstances. J Nutr. 2001;131(10):2670-6.
26. Cortese S, Angriman M, Lecendreux M, Konofal E. Iron and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: What is the empirical evidence so far? A systematic review of the literature. Expert Rev Neurother. 2012;12(10):1227-40.
27. Faraone SV, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Biederman J, Buitelaar JK, Ramos QJA, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nature reviews: disease primers. 2015;1:15-20.
28. Thomas CL. Taber’s cyclopedic medical dictionary. 16th ed. Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis; 1989. p. 825.
29. Agnew-Blais JC, Polanczyk GV, Danese A, Wertz J, Moffitt TE, Arseneault L. Evaluation of the persistence, remission, and emergence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young adulthood. JAMA psychiatry. 2016;73(7):713-20.
30. Froehlich TE, Lanphear BP, Epstein JN, Barbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Kahn RS. Prevalence, recognition, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivitydisorder in a national sample of US children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(9):857–64.
31. Meysamie A, Fard MD, Mohammadi MR. Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in preschool-aged Iranian children. Iran J Pediatr. 2011;21(4):467-72.
32. Talaei A, Mokhber N, Abdollahian E, Bordbar MR, Salari E. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a survey on prevalence rate among male subjects in elementary school (7 to 9 years old) in Iran. J Atten Disord. 2010;13(4):386–90.
33. Mostafaee MR, Shokati M, Sarchami R, Rafiei H. Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in elementary school students in Hamadan. International Journal of Epidemiologic Research. 2016;3(1):63-8.
34. Casey PH, Simpson PM, Gossett JM, Bogle ML, Champagne CM, Connell C, et al. The association of child and household food insecurity with childhood overweight status. Pediatrics. 2006;118(5):e1406-13.
35. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
36. Mohammadzadeh A, Dorosty A, Eshraghian M. Household food security status and associated factors among high-school students in Esfahan, Iran. Public Health Nutr. 2010; 13(10):1609-13.
37. Najafi B, Shooshtarian A. Targeting of subsides and elemination of food insecurity: case report of arsanjan. Journal of Business Research. 2005;31:127-51.
38. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA. 2014; 311(8):806-14.
39. Eshraghian MR, Siassi F, Jazayeri GH. Obesity and food security in Yazd primary school students. Tehran Univ Med J. 2007; 65(7):68-76.
40. Ramesh T, Dorosty Motlagh AR, Abdollahi M. Prevalence of household food insecurity in the City of Shiraz and its association with socio-economic and demographic factors, 2008. Iranian Iran J Nutr Sci Food Technol. 2010; 4(4):53-64.
41. Student MB, Shadi Abdi BS. Prevalence of Food Insecurity in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Archives of Iranian medicine. 2016; 19(4):288.
42. Kaiser LL, Townsend MS, Melgar-Quiñonez HR, Fujii ML, Crawford PB. Choice of instrument influences relations between food insecurity and obesity in Latino women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(5):1372-8.
43. Russell AE, Ford T, Russell G. Socioeconomic associations with ADHD: findings from a mediation analysis. PloS one. 2015; 10(6):e0128248.
44. Russell AE, Ford T, Williams R, Russell G. The association between socioeconomic disadvantage and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a systematic review. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2016; 47(3):440-58.
45. Charach A, Dashti B, Carson P, Booker L, Lim CG, Lillie E, et al. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Effectiveness of Treatment in At-Risk Preschoolers; Long-Term Effectiveness in All Ages; and Variability in Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Treatment [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2011 Oct. Report No.: 12-EHC003-EF. PMID: 22191110.
46. Bengle R, Sinnett S, Johnson T, Johnson MA, Brown A, Lee JS. Food insecurity is associated with cost-related medication non-adherence in community-dwelling, low-income older adults in Georgia. J Nutr Elder. 2010; 29(2):170-91.
47. Choi Y, Shin J, Cho KH, Park EC. Change in household income and risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during childhood: A nationwide population-based cohort study. J Epidemiol. 2017; 27(2):56-62.
48. Rose D, Gundersen C, Oliveira V. Socio-Economic determinants of food insecurity in the United States. 1998 Sep.
49. Franklin B, Jones A, Love D, Puckett S, Macklin J, White-Means S. Exploring mediators of food insecurity and obesity: a review of recent literature. J Community Health. 2012; 37(1):253-64.
50. Park S, Cho SC, Hong YC, Oh SY, Kim JW, Shin MS, et al. Association between dietary behaviors and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities in school-aged children. Psychiatry Res. 2012; 198(3):468-76.
51. McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, Crumpler D, Dalen L, Grimshaw K, et al. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. lancet. 2007; 370(9598):1560-7.
52. Azadbakht L, Esmaillzadeh A. Dietary patterns and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among Iranian children. Nutrition. 2012; 28(3):242-9.
53. Liu J, He P, Li L, Shen T, Wu M, Hu J, et al. Study on the association between diet, nutrient and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children in Shanghai, Kunshan, Wuxi three kindergarten. Wei sheng yan jiu. 2014; 43(2):235-9.
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| Issue | Vol 4, No 3 (Summer 2018) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Food insecurity ADHD Socio-economic status Tehran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Yavari H, Dorosty Motlagh A, Ranjbar Kermani F, Qorbani M. Food Insecurity and Some Associated Socioeconomic Factors Among Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Tehran: A Case Control Study. J Nutr Sci & Diet. 2018;4(3):87-94.
